Binary XOR
XOR (Exclusive OR) is a basic logical operation widely used in cryptography, from the One-Time Pad to modern block ciphers.
Hashing Basics
A hash function is a mathematical function that converts data of arbitrary length into a fixed-size hash value.
Prime Number Theory
Prime number theory is the backbone of many modern asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, including RSA.
Modular Arithmetic
Modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value called the modulus.